Transplantation Research

Table 1 Major characteristics of tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells

From: Human tolerogenic DC-10: perspectives for clinical applications

Regulatory APCs	Precursor	Differentiation protocol	Adherent cells	Markers	Co-stimulatory molecules	Cytokines	Tolerogenic molecules	Mode of action	References
DC-10	CD14⁺	GM-CSF,	No	CD1a^neg	High	IL-10^high	HLA-G^high	IL-10	[21]
		IL-4,					ILT4^high
		IL-10 for 7d		CD14		IL-12^neg/low		HLA-G
				CD16 CD83		IL-6		ILT4
						TNFα^low
M2 cells	CD14⁺	M-CSF,	Yes	CD68	Low	IL-10	Arginase	Soluble factors	[62, 63]
		IL-4 or IL-13
		for 6d		CD163
				MR
	CD14⁺	M-CSF,	Yes	CD68	Low	IL-10 TGF-β	Arginase	Soluble factors	[62, 63]
		IL-10
		for 6d		CD14 MR
GM-CSF DC (macaque)	CD14⁺	GM-CSF for 7d	Yes	CD68	High	IL-10	HO-1	HO-1	[65, 66]
	BM			CD14^neg		IL-12^neg/low
RAPA-DC	CD14⁺	GM-CSF,	No	CD68	Low	IL-12⁺		IL-12	[67, 68]
		IL-4,		CD14^neg
		RAPA for 7d				IL-10^low
						IL-6^low
D3/Dexa DC	CD14⁺	GM-CSF,	No	CD1a	Low	IL-10	ILT4	Possibly via IL-12	[69, 70]
		IL-4,		CD14^neg		IL-12^low
		for 9d
		+Dexa (at d7)
		+LPS and D3 (at d8)
M reg	CD14⁺	M-CSF	Yes	CD64⁺	HLA-DR⁺	IL-6^low	IDO	IDO	[71, 72]
				CD14^neg/low
		for 6d		CD16^neg	CD80^–/low	IL-10^neg
				CD163^neg/low		TNF-α^neg
		+ IFNγ (o.n.)			CD86⁺
MDSC	CD14⁺	GM-CSF,	No	CD1a^neg/low	Low	IL-10	IDO	PGE₂	[26, 28]
		IL-4,				TGF-β
		PGE₂ for 6d		CD14⁺			Arginase,
							COX₂

APC, antigen-presenting cell; BM, Bone Marrow; COX2, cyclooxygenase-2; Dexa, dexamethasone; GM-CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; IDO, indoleamine-2,3-dioxigenase; ILT, immunoglobulin-like transcript; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; M2 cell, human type 2 macrophage; M reg, regulatory macrophage; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; MR, mannose receptor; o.n., overnight; PGE₂, prostaglandin E₂; RAPA, rapamycin; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃.

Back to article page

ISSN: 2047-1440

Contact us

General enquiries: info@biomedcentral.com