Alternative approaches to myeloid suppressor cell therapy in transplantation: comparing regulatory macrophages to tolerogenic DCs and MDSCs

Table 1 Main characteristics of different myeloid suppressor APCs

	Human phenotype	Function	Mechanism	Trafficking	Ref.
M reg	CD14^-/low, CD16^-, CD80^-/low, CD40^-/low, HLA-DR⁺, TLR2^-, CD83^-, CD163^-/low	T cell elimination, suppression of T cell proliferation	IDO	Lung, blood, liver, spleen	[3, 14–16]
Tol-DC	HLA-DR⁺, low costimulation, CD14⁺, CD11b⁺, resistant to maturation	Allo-Ag capture and presentation, suppression of T cell proliferation	HO-1, EBl3, iNOS	Spleen	[8, 17–20]
DC-10	CD14⁺, CD16⁺, CD83⁺, CD1a-, ILT4⁺, HLA-G⁺, IL-12^-	Induction T cell anergy, Tr-1 cell induction	IL-10, ILT-4-HLA-G interactions	Blood and secondary lymphoid organs	[21]
Rapa-DC	HLA-DR⁺, low costimulation, resistant to maturation, IL-12⁺	T cell hyporesponsiveness and apoptosis, T reg induction	Low costimulation	LN, spleen	[22–26]
MDSC	HLA-DR^-/low, CD11b⁺⁺, CD14⁺, CD33⁺, CD34⁺	Suppression of T cell proliferation, cytokine production, apoptosis in T cells	iNOS, Arg-1, ROS, PGE₂, HO-1, TGF-β, cys depletion	Blood, graft, spleen, LN	[27–32]

ISSN: 2047-1440