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Figure 2 | Transplantation Research

Figure 2

From: Human tolerogenic DC-10: perspectives for clinical applications

Figure 2

Mechanisms of tolerance mediated by different tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells currently under clinical development. DC-10 secrete IL-10 and upregulate the expression of immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT) 4 and HLA-G molecules. During T-cell priming, ILT4/HLA-G interaction promotes anergy in T cells, which become type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells. Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) dendritic cells (DCs) expressed heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is involved in their mechanisms of action. It still remains to define whether HO-1 expression promotes IL-10 production by GM-CSF DC and Tr1 cell differentiation. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) express indoleamine-2,3-dioxigenase (IDO) and induce T-helper type 2 skewing. Regulatory macrophages (M reg) are IDO+ and induce apoptosis of effector T cells while sparing forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Rapamycin (RAPA) DCs promote FOXP3+ Tregs, but the mechanism of induction is still under debate. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3/dexamethasone DCs promote suppressor T cells, but it is not clear whether this is mediated by ILT4 expression and IL-10 secretion.

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